Il training cognitivo nella Malattia di Parkinson: una revisione della letteratura
Parole chiave:
Malattia di Parkinson, Training Cognitivo, Socially Assistive Robots, trattamento non farmacologico, funzioni esecutiveAbstract
La Malattia di Parkinson (MP) è una patologia neurodegenerativa che si manifesta attraverso sintomi motori e non motori, inclusi deficit cognitivi che hanno un impatto significativo sulla qualità di vita dei pazienti e dei loro caregivers. La gestione dei deficit cognitivi con trattamenti farmacologici e non farmacologici è cruciale, poiché essi possono rappresentare i precursori di quadri cognitivi più gravi come il declino cognitivo lieve (MCI) fino alla demenza. Sebbene il trattamento farmacologico mostri evidenze limitate, gli interventi non farmacologici, come i “socially assistive robots” (SAR) e il training cognitivo (TC), possono essere strategie di intervento innovative ed incoraggianti. In letteratura, alcuni studi hanno evidenziato che l’uso dei SAR riduce la gravità dell’apatia e stimola l'interazione sociale nei pazienti con demenza e MCI. Inoltre, è stato dimostrato che i pazienti con declino cognitivo considerano piacevole la presenza e l’interazione con i SAR e mostrano un miglioramento delle loro prestazioni cognitive. Oltre all’utilizzo dei SAR, alcuni studi su pazienti con demenza e MCI e con MP hanno evidenziato un miglioramento delle funzioni esecutive, dell’attenzione e della memoria dopo l’impiego di TC. La revisione sistematica evidenzia che gli interventi più efficaci risultano essere quelli computerizzati (TCC), sia standardizzati che personalizzati, svolti con o senza l’intervento di un operatore. La combinazione di TC e SAR appare dunque una prospettiva promettente, offrendo miglioramenti significativi sugli aspetti sia cognitivi che emotivi e relazionali. Nonostante ciò, futuri studi sono necessari per la ricerca di un equilibrio tra standardizzazione e personalizzazione dei protocolli di trattamento con TCC e SAR, al fine di generalizzare i risultati ottenuti e valutare a lungo termine gli effetti di entrambi gli interventi.
doi: 10.53240/2024topic1.011.001
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