Conseguenze emotive a seguito di lesioni cerebrali acquisite: una revisione narrativa della letteratura
Parole chiave:
Lesione Cerebrale Acquisita, Conseguenze, Ictus, Trauma Cranico, RevisioneAbstract
Le lesioni cerebrali acquisite (LCA), che comprendono traumi cranici (TBI) e ictus, comportano una rosa di conseguenze emotive che possono incidere profondamente sul funzionamento sociale e sulla qualità della vita dei pazienti. Questa revisione narrativa vuole riassumere le conseguenze emotive più di frequente associate alle LCA, tra cui ansia, depressione, apatia, anedonia, disinibizione, aggressività e deficit nella teoria della mente. La depressione è caratterizzata da pervasivi sentimenti negativi soggettivi e da una sofferenza emotiva, spesso accompagnata da una riduzione della motivazione e da una tendenza al ritiro dalle attività quotidiane. Al contrario, l’ansia può comportare una maggiore sensibilità agli stimoli interni ed esterni, che porta ad una persistente sensazione di tensione e attivazione fisiologica, che può anch’essa influire sulla motivazione. Sebbene apatia e anedonia possano sovrapporsi in parte con cambiamenti della motivazione, sono concetti distinti: l’apatia è definita da indifferenza emotiva e distacco affettivo, mentre l’anedonia si riferisce ad una capacità ridotta di provare piacere o interesse per attività precedentemente gratificanti. La disregolazione emotiva, come l’aumento dell’irritabilità, l’aggressività e i comportamenti impulsivi, può contribuire all’isolamento sociale. La disinibizione può manifestarsi attraverso comportamenti sociali inappropriati, complicando la reintegrazione sociale dei pazienti. Infine, i deficit nella teoria della mente, ovvero nella capacità di comprendere le emozioni e le prospettive altrui, possono ostacolare le interazioni e le relazioni sociali. Questa revisione narrativa della letteratura vuole evidenziare la natura pervasiva e multifattoriale delle conseguenze emotive risultanti dalle LCA. Tali disturbi sono spesso persistenti e complessi, si vuole quindi sottolineare la necessità di una maggiore attenzione e dell’implementazione di programmi di riabilitazione personalizzati per migliorare la qualità della vita dei pazienti.
doi: 10.53240/2024topic3n4.0.001
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